What the terms mean

"Fullz" is slang for a bundle of stolen identity data: name, address, date of birth, Social Security number, card number, and sometimes bank login details. "CVV dumps" refers to stolen card records sold with the three or four digit verification code attached. Both terms come from carding forums and dark web markets.

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The inventory comes from breaches, skimmers, phishing pages, and malware planted on point of sale systems.

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Legal status in the United States

Buying, selling, or holding stolen card data is a federal crime. 18 U.S.C. § 1029 covers fraud and related activity with access devices. A first offense carries up to 10 years in prison and a second offense up to 20 years. 18 U.S.C. § 1028 covers identity theft and adds a mandatory two year term in many cases.

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Sellers on these markets are often the same people who run the fraud. Buyers face arrest, device seizure, and civil suits from card issuers.

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Why the inventory is not what sellers claim

  • A large share of cards are stale. Issuers close them after a fraud report.
  • Some sellers take payment and deliver nothing.
  • Records sold as "tested" are often flagged by the issuer.
  • Marketplace escrow offers no protection from law enforcement.

How card data gets taken

Skimming hardware on fuel pumps and ATMs. Phishing pages that clone a checkout screen. Magecart scripts injected into ecommerce sites. Breaches at processors, hotels, and retailers. Credential stuffing against accounts that reuse passwords.

What cardholders should do

  • Read the statement each month and match charges to receipts.
  • Turn on transaction alerts in the card app.
  • Use a virtual card number for online merchants when the issuer offers one.
  • Freeze your credit file at all three bureaus if a fullz package includes your SSN.
  • Report the charge to the issuer, then file at IdentityTheft.gov and IC3.

Federal law limits cardholder liability for unauthorized charges. Under the Fair Credit Billing Act, liability is capped at $50, and the major networks waive that amount for most consumer cards. The loss lands on the merchant or the issuer.

What merchants should do

Follow PCI DSS for storage and transmission. Do not retain CVV data after authorization. Tokenize card numbers so a breach exposes tokens and not account numbers. Require address verification and CVV checks. Watch for card testing: many small orders, mismatched billing data, and repeated attempts from one IP range. Rate limit the checkout page and log failed authorization codes.

Cost of a breach

Card replacement, chargebacks, forensic review, and card network fines add up. A merchant that skips tokenization pays for each of those items again at the next incident.